Industry

Europe, the US and China now all tie public money to where things are made. A side-by-side guide to the rulebooks, the WTO questions they raise, and what a world of competing local-content clubs means for global manufacturers and suppliers.

The real battle in the EU’s Industrial Accelerator Act is the partner list. How the Commission, Parliament and the Franco-German compromise would treat the UK, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea, Morocco and other trade partners, and what each outcome means for carmakers.

The US is inside Europe’s procurement club through the WTO’s GPA but outside its subsidy club. What the Industrial Accelerator Act means for American exporters, US companies manufacturing in Europe, defence procurement and the risk of a transatlantic tit-for-tat.

The Industrial Accelerator Act never names China, but its 40% capacity test, €100m investment conditions and procurement rules are built around it. What the 49% rule means for BYD, CATL and their European partners, and how Beijing is responding.

The EU’s ‘Made in Europe’ rules could cut Turkish-built EVs, buses and parts out of European subsidies and public tenders. Exposure by segment, four scenarios, and what Turkish automakers and suppliers should do before the December vote.