by Ekrem Duman | Aug 26, 2026 | Competition & Antitrust, Sector Enforcement
⚡ TL;DRTransport competition enforcement combines classic cartels (air cargo fuel surcharges, maritime container carriers, road haulage) with structural access questions — airport slots, port terminals, rail infrastructure — and a distinctive regulatory overlay:...
by Ekrem Duman | Aug 26, 2026 | Competition & Antitrust, Sector Enforcement
⚡ TL;DRFinancial services competition enforcement has three signature theories: benchmark and trading cartels (Libor/Euribor, forex chat rooms, bond and SSA trading — billions in EU fines), interchange and payment-scheme rules (the Mastercard and Visa line, ending in...
by Ekrem Duman | Aug 26, 2026 | Competition & Antitrust, Sector Enforcement
⚡ TL;DRTelecoms is where modern access and pricing-abuse doctrine was built: Deutsche Telekom and TeliaSonera created the margin-squeeze test, Slovak Telekom defined constructive refusal, and Telefónica produced a €151 million squeeze fine. Merger control has...
by Ekrem Duman | Aug 26, 2026 | Competition & Antitrust, Sector Enforcement
⚡ TL;DREnergy competition enforcement runs on three fronts: structural — unbundling networks from supply so grid owners cannot favour their own trading arms; conduct — capacity withholding, market manipulation and territorial restrictions in gas supply (the Gazprom...
by Ekrem Duman | Aug 26, 2026 | Competition & Antitrust, Sector Enforcement
⚡ TL;DRPharmaceutical competition enforcement targets four practices: pay-for-delay settlements paying generic rivals to stay out (Lundbeck, Servier, Actavis), excessive pricing of off-patent essential medicines (Aspen, Pfizer/Flynn), product hopping and regulatory...
